Structural baseline: bundled city files were last changed 2026-05-06–2026-05-09. Those are file-maintenance timestamps, not observation dates. Rankings use historical workforce composition and fixed heuristic weights; they are not real-time labour-market readings or displacement probabilities.

Which cities are most exposed to AI displacement?

CopeCheck Cities scores urban areas on a 0–100 vulnerability index based on workforce composition. Cities with high concentrations in sectors assigned higher exposure weights — retail, admin, manufacturing, finance, and logistics — score higher. These are CopeCheck heuristic weights informed by automation literature; they are not official sector-level probabilities and the score is not a forecast of job losses.

Select a country

🇬🇧

United Kingdom

51 cities compared using a bundled historical workforce-composition snapshot and CopeCheck heuristic sector-exposure weights.

🇺🇸

United States

50 cities — one per state — compared using a bundled historical workforce-composition snapshot and CopeCheck heuristic sector-exposure weights.

🇮🇪

Ireland

15 cities compared using a bundled historical workforce-composition snapshot labelled to CSO Census 2022 and CopeCheck heuristic sector-exposure weights.

🇨🇦

Canada

15 cities compared using a bundled historical workforce-composition snapshot and CopeCheck heuristic sector-exposure weights.

🇦🇺

Australia

15 cities compared using a bundled historical workforce-composition snapshot labelled to the ABS 2021 Census and CopeCheck heuristic sector-exposure weights.

🇳🇿

New Zealand

13 cities compared using a bundled historical workforce-composition snapshot and CopeCheck heuristic sector-exposure weights.

Methodology

Each bundled city snapshot is broken down by broad industry sector. CopeCheck assigns each sector a heuristic exposure weight and calculates an employment-weighted average, normalised to 0–100 for relative comparison within this dataset. Frey & Osborne (2013) studied occupations, not whole industries; these sector weights are therefore neither official probabilities nor a direct replication of that paper. The data files do not embed record-level observation dates or source ledgers, so results are presented as a historical structural baseline rather than a current statistical release.

Heuristic exposure tiers: HIGH Admin & Support, Retail, Manufacturing, Financial Services, Transport & Storage   MEDIUM Wholesale, Info & Comms, Accommodation & Food   LOW Health, Education, Construction, Agriculture, Public Admin, Arts

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